In all periods of history, genocide and other forms of crimes against humanity and international law have been committed, causing great losses to humanity. Azerbaijan, a country in the South Caucasus, has been also subject to genocide in its recent history. This article provides a brief history of the Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict and the background events leading up to the genocide and presents definitions of genocide and ethnic cleansing according to international law, accompanied by an introduction to theories related to the origins and development of genocide, including its political, social, and psychological aspects. The article provides an overview of the key periods in the history of Azerbaijan, that is, 1905–1907, 1918–1920, 1948–1953, and 1988–1993, with a special focus on the violent and forced displacement of Azerbaijanis and the destruction of their cultural heritage. The article also documents the author’s personal study visit to the city of Shusha to record the scale of destruction in the city and get acquainted with the history of massacres committed against Azerbaijanis.